Free Essays on Libearlism And Nationism In Poland

During the 19th century, every country throughout Europe embraced the ideology of nationalism. It is not inherent in human kind, and in European life it is hard to discover at any period prior to the French Revolution. Its success was largely due to the fact that it offered something for everyone regardless of social or political status. It had no specific ideas for government or economy, just simply whatever is best for the nation. Nationalism also combined well with all other ideologies of the time. It can only be judged in relation to the particular motives of its particular adherents. However, East and West accepted nationalism for different reasons and at different times. In this, as an Eastern European country, the history of Polish Nationalism is no exception. But, first, what we mean by nationalism? The modern Nation can only be effectively defined as a social group whose individual members, being convinced rightly or wrongly of their common descent and destiny, share that common sense of identity. National consciousness relates to the degree of people awareness of belonging to their nation. Nationalism, in consequence, is a doctrine shared by all political movements, which seek to create a nation by arousing people awareness of their nationality and to mobilize their feeling into a vehicle for political action. Nationalism was the most successful political force of the 19th century. It emerged from two main sources: the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" and the Liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial domination. There were two main ways of exemplification: the French method of "inclusion" - essentially that anyone who accepted loyalty to the civil French state was a "citizen". The German method, required by political circumstances, was to define the "nation" in ethnic terms. Ethnicity in practice came down to speaking German a... Free Essays on Libearlism And Nationism In Poland Free Essays on Libearlism And Nationism In Poland During the 19th century, every country throughout Europe embraced the ideology of nationalism. It is not inherent in human kind, and in European life it is hard to discover at any period prior to the French Revolution. Its success was largely due to the fact that it offered something for everyone regardless of social or political status. It had no specific ideas for government or economy, just simply whatever is best for the nation. Nationalism also combined well with all other ideologies of the time. It can only be judged in relation to the particular motives of its particular adherents. However, East and West accepted nationalism for different reasons and at different times. In this, as an Eastern European country, the history of Polish Nationalism is no exception. But, first, what we mean by nationalism? The modern Nation can only be effectively defined as a social group whose individual members, being convinced rightly or wrongly of their common descent and destiny, share that common sense of identity. National consciousness relates to the degree of people awareness of belonging to their nation. Nationalism, in consequence, is a doctrine shared by all political movements, which seek to create a nation by arousing people awareness of their nationality and to mobilize their feeling into a vehicle for political action. Nationalism was the most successful political force of the 19th century. It emerged from two main sources: the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" and the Liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial domination. There were two main ways of exemplification: the French method of "inclusion" - essentially that anyone who accepted loyalty to the civil French state was a "citizen". The German method, required by political circumstances, was to define the "nation" in ethnic terms. Ethnicity in practice came down to speaking German a...

The Geneva Accords of 1954

The Geneva Accords of 1954 The Geneva Accords of 1954 were an attempt to end eight years of fighting between France and Vietnam. They did that, but they also set the stage for the American phase of fighting in Southeast Asia. Background Vietnamese nationalist and communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh expected that the end of World War II on September 2, 1945, would also be the end of colonialism and imperialism in Vietnam. Japan had occupied Vietnam since 1941; France had officially colonized the country since 1887. Because of Hos communist leanings, however, the United States, which had become the leader of the western world after World War II, did not want to see him and his followers, the Vietminh, take over the country. Instead, it approved Frances return to the region. In short, France could wage a proxy war for the U.S. against communism in Southeast Asia. The Vietminh waged an insurgency against France which culminated in the siege of the French base in northern Vietnam at Dienbienphu. A peace conference in Geneva, Switzerland, sought to extricate France from Vietnam and leave the country with a government suitable to Vietnam, Communist China (a Vietminh sponsor), the Soviet Union, and Western governments. Geneva Conference On May 8, 1954, representatives of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (communist Vietminh), France, China, the Soviet Union, Laos, Cambodia, the State of Vietnam (democratic, as recognized by the U.S.), and the United States met in Geneva to work out an agreement. Not only did they seek to extricate France, but they also sought an agreement that would unify Vietnam and stabilize Laos and Cambodia (which had also been part of French Indochina) in the absence of France. The United States committed to its foreign policy of containment of communism and determined not to let any part of Indochina go communist and thereby put the domino theory in play, entered the negotiations with doubt. It also did not want to be a signatory to an agreement with the communist nations. Personal tensions were also rife. U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles reportedly refused to shake the hand of Chinese Foreign Minister Chou En-Lai. Main Elements Of the Agreement By July 20, the contentious meeting had agreed to the following: Vietnam would be divided in half along the 17th Parallel (in the thin neck of the country).The Vietminh would control the northern section, the State of Vietnam would control the south.General elections would occur in both north and south on July 20, 1956, to decide which Vietnam would govern the whole country. The agreement meant the Vietminh, who occupied significant territory south of the 17th Parallel, would have to withdraw to the north. Nevertheless, they believed that the 1956 elections would give them control of all Vietnam. A Real Agreement? Any use of the term agreement with respect to the Geneva Accords must be done loosely. The U.S. and the State of Vietnam never signed it; they simply acknowledged that an agreement had been made between other nations. The U.S. doubted that, without United Nations supervision, any election in Vietnam would be democratic. From the outset, it had not the intention of letting Ngo Dinh Diem, president in the south, call the elections. The Geneva Accords got France out of Vietnam, certainly. However they did nothing to prevent an escalation of discord between free and communist spheres, and they only hastened American involvement in the country.